This book illustrates the debate between different anthropological disciplines to find the specifics of human beings in society. The author deals with the confrontation between structuralism of Levi-Strauss and existentialism of Jean-Paul Sartre. From critical theory initiated by Karl Marx, through subsequent contributions of authors like Lukács, Bloch, Lefebvre and Horkheimer, Adorno and Benjamin, among others, Bolívar Echeverría proposes a critique of the concept of culture of the tradition Western. It relies for effect on the reconstruction of implicit anthropology in phenomenological ontology and formulated a concept of culture that allows the approach of the different "languages" of the human sciences through the mythical but necessary "proof of Babel"