He holds a PhD in Philosophy from the University of Nijmegen (Netherlands) and professor emeritus at the University of Paris-X Nanterre. Disciple of Louis Althusser, with whom he wrote the classic To read The Capital- and member of the French Communist Party for two decades (1961-1981), in recent years has been devoted to linking the issues of nationality, migration and crisis of state sovereignty. Among his many works include, Philosophy and class struggle (written in collaboration with Louis Althusser, P. Macherey, J. Rancière and R. Establet), Race, nation and class (with Immanuel Wallerstein) and Us, citizens of Europe ?: borders, the state and the people.