UNESCO's Convention on Cultural Diversity, literally called "on the promotion and protection of the diversity of cultural expressions", adopted on 20 October 2005, was born with the intention of directing attention to the cultural policies of the organization itself International and 21st century states parties to diversity, as the preamble declares, "an essential characteristic of humanity" and "common heritage" of it. Cultural diversity was and was called to be the driving force for the sustainable development of communities and States and within a framework of tolerance and mutual respect indispensable for the peace and security of nations. On the one hand, it was necessary to overcome the endless debates that had taken place in the economic fields regarding trade in cultural goods, activities and services. On the other hand, it was urgent to provide legal bases of protection and institutional support to countries and communities at risk of being excluded or suffering from homogenization processes that would blur or eliminate cultural differences and identities. In particular, those of minorities and indigenous peoples. This work offers a systematic and interdisciplinary study. The Convention has been analyzed article by article following a common pattern with attention to the antecedents, related legal texts, discussion of concepts and interpretations debated. The analysis has been carried out by specialists in public and private international, administrative, commercial law, as well as in social anthropology, cultural policies, cooperation and communication.