This volume collects materials from the internal seminar of the first edition of the Ludwig Wittgenstein Chair, organized by the Center for Studies and Research in Human Knowledge and Learning of the University of Veracruz, in February 2013. Controversial ideas are presented here: that consciousness is not a philosophical problem; that behavior must be placed outside the reach of science; that although it makes sense to say that babies and some animals think, believe, and desire, it is questionable to say that they have thoughts, beliefs, desires, and so on. It also shows that there is a distinction between behavioral evidence and criterion evidence, and that behavioral evidence that allows us to say that babies and beasts think, believe, and desire does not rise to the level of criterion evidence, which demonstrates thoughts, beliefs, and desires.