The fall of Paris to the Nazis in 1940 foretold a disastrous fate for the European continent. European citizens who had sought refuge in France found themselves trapped between Hitler's forces from the east and Franco's government from the west. The only way out was to sail the unpredictable waters of the Atlantic to seek asylum in America. But the maritime adventure did not involve the greatest of challenges. Thousands of refugees would not be able to escape the war because they did not have a transit visa. The hope of the exiles was encrypted in that piece of paper, almost impossible to obtain and, in itself, only part of a larger bureaucratic plot that involved endless queues at consulates, inflexible officials, bail, reservations, certificates, permits and absurd expiration dates. The possibility of survival was intimately intertwined with that Kafkaesque obstacle that only very f...read more