Politician, publisher, forerunner and French thinker. He founded Le Globe (1824) and later launched the Encyclopédie nouvelle (1836-1843) and the Revue indépendante (1841-1848), in which he presented his theory of a national deism to replace Christian religions. Defender of the working class and supporter of a mystical socialism and feminism, was deputy in the constituent assembly and in the legislative assembly (1849).