Stephen Robert Anderson (Born 1943) is a linguist. He is the Dorothy R. Diebold Professor of Linguistics at Yale University.

In 1966, he earned a B.S. in linguistics from the Illinois Institute of Technology, and in 1969 the Ph.D. in linguistics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Anderson taught at Harvard University from 1969 to 1975; and, in that year he joined the Faculty of the University of California, Los Angeles. In 1988, he was a professor of cognitive science at Johns Hopkins University. Since 1994, he works at Yale University.