Since the second half of the 19th century, we find attempts to understand the phenomenon of morality as an adaptive function, a product of our species' evolutionary process. Technological advances in the field of neuroscience have brought about a revolution in research on the brain and its relationship to our moral behavior. The intention of this book is to engage in a dialogue between some of the most representative approaches of this neuroscience of morality and philosophy. In doing so, we aim to demonstrate that philosophy, in addition to being a discipline primarily dedicated to conceptual analysis, is also characterized by its commitment to critical thinking. We consider it urgent to reflect on the contributions and problems that advances in neuroscience pose to philosophy, as they seek to provide answers to questions such as the nature of consciousness, the origin of moral judgment, freedom, self-determination, and aesthetic evaluation, among others, from a radical naturalization of these questions. The essays that comprise this book address these and other topics, showing that philosophy continues to offer highly relevant arguments for evaluating the significance of neuroscience in understanding human morality.