This book aims to be a simple, clear and elementary to modern views about the nature of science introduction. The student of philosophy of science does not have a single book or a small word to get into the whole issue. The only sources available to about modern perspectives in this field are the original own works of today's leading figures in the philosophy of science. But these are too numerous and often difficult for a student. This paper is not intended to replace the original course for those wishing to engage in a thorough study of contemporary philosophy of science, but it does provide a useful and readily available starting sources. Noting the limitations of naive empiricism, the author describes and evaluates the theories of Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos and Feyerabend as attempts to replace this traditional perspective, closing the book with a vision of science based on the works of Bachelard and Althusser. Having formed in the Popperian school, Chalmers emphasizes his most notable virtues, especially the emphasis on the search for clarity and simplicity in the exposition of the problems, but does not ignore its limitations. His work thus combines simplicity with an extremely healthy antidoctrinaria form. Since the second edition, revised and enlarged, are preserved virtually intact chapters 1-8 of the first, but the author replaced the last four to six completely new, which maintains a subtle and inviting controversial air. Alan F. Chalmers was born in Bristol (1939) and studied physics at the University of his native city, where he graduated (1961). Ph.D., University of London (1971), currently is a senior lecturer at the University of Sydney.